类型:英语语法
时间:2020-07-09
点击量601
1. 意义与用法
什么叫关系代词?简单地说,它是用于引导定语从句的代词。我们之所以把引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,是因为它们具有关联作用,能把引导的从句与所修饰的词语联系起来。
英语中的关系代词不多,主要有 that, who, whom,
whose,
which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人,
which, as 只用于指物,
whose, that 既可于指人也可指物。关系代词在定语从句主要用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:
Did you find the pen
which you lost? 你的钢笔找到了吗?
句中的which为关系代词,由它引导的定语从句
which you lost修饰名词the pen,
which在定语从句中用作宾语,它也可以换成that,或省略。
A man who
sells books in a shop is
called a
bookseller. 开店售书的人叫做书商。
句中的who为关系代词,由它引导的定语从句who
sells books in a shop修饰名词a man,who在定语从句中用作主语。
2. that与which
两者用作关系代词时都可以指物,常可互换。两者的区别是:
(1) 通常要用
which的场合:
①引导非限制性定语从句时,通常只用
which。如:
Water,
which is a
clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
which在此引导的是非限制性定语从句,故不可换成that。
②直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常只用
which。如:
I
admired the
patience with
which she
spoke. 她说话有极大的耐心,我很钦佩。
直接用作介词with之后作宾语,只能用
which,不能用that。
(2) 通常要用that的场合:
①当先行词是much,
little, none, all, few,
every(
things:所有物;用具;情况" target="_blank">thing), any(
things:所有物;用具;情况" target="_blank">thing), no(
things:所有物;用具;情况" target="_blank">thing) 等不定代词或受其修饰时,通常用that。如:
We
haven’t got
everything that you
ordered. 你要的,我们不是样样都有。
All that
remains for me to do is to say
goodbye. 剩下我所要做的就是告辞了。
第一句中的定语从句that you
ordered修饰不定代词everything,第二句中的定语从句that
remains for me to do修饰不定代词all。两个定语从句中的that都不宜换成which。
②当先行词受the very, the only, the same 等修饰时,通常用that。如:
This is the only
example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
Those are the very
words that he used. 那是他的原话。
受定语从句修饰的example和
words前分别有the only和the very修饰,故要定语从句要用that来引导。另外注意,第二句中的the very不是表示“很”,而是表示“正是”“恰是”,very在此为形容词,而不是副词。
③当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that。如:
This is the best
hotel that I know. 这是我知道的最佳旅馆。
The
first things:所有物;用具;情况" target="_blank">thing that you
should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
④当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that。如:
China is not the
country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的样子了。
that it was为修饰名词the
country的定语从句,that在定语从句中用作连系动词was的表语,此时可以省略,但不宜换成which。
⑤当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that。如:
The
train ran over a boy and his dog that were just
crossing the
track. 火车压死了正穿越轨道的一个男孩和他的狗。
定语从句that were just
crossing the
track修饰的不只是his dog,而是a boy and his dog,由于它既包含有人也包含物,故用that。
⑥当要避免重复时。如:
Which is the car that
overtook us? 超过我们的是哪辆车?
由于句首用了which,所以后面修饰the car的定语从句that
overtook us要用that来引导,而不用
which,目的是为了避免与句首which的重复。
3. that与who
(1) 互换的场合:两者均可指人,有时可互换。如:
The man that [who]
stole your car has been
arrested. 偷你汽车的人已经捕获。
用当于all,
everyone,
everybody, no one,
nobody和
those后面引导定语从句时,通常用who,其实也可用that。如:
Everyone who [that] knew him
liked him. 认得他的人都喜欢他。
Nobody who [that]
watched the
match will ever
forget it. 看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。
(2) 通常要用 that的场合:
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。如:
I made a
speech on the men and
things that I had seen
abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
定语从句that I had seen
abroad在句中修饰the men and
things,故只能用that来引导;如果用who来引导,显然与被修饰的things不匹配。
②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)。如:
Who is the man (that) you were
talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?
③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)。如:
Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。
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