类型:英语阅读
时间:2022-09-26
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▌汉语
对不少外国友人来说,学好汉语不是一件易事,这其中书写、读音甚至是方言都能成为难住他们的理由。
Every Chinese word must be
memorized separately as you can't
guess its
pronunciation from the
script — but one
could say the same of
English if you
consider plough,
dough and
tough.每个中文字都需要独立记忆,因为你无法从他们的书写方式中猜出读音——不过英语也差不多,想想plough(犁)、dough(生面团)和tough(强硬的)这三个单词。
汉语中的四个声调也让不少外国友人感到头疼。
There are four
tones in
Mandarin: high
pitch,
rising pitch,
falling low then rising and falling — and if you
think that's
difficult,
there are nine tones in
Cantonese.普通话里有四个声调:即阴平(第一声),阳平(第二声),上声(第三声),去声(第四声)。如果这你就觉得难了,粤语中还有9个声调呢。
In Mandarin, there is a
whole poem, "The Lion-Eating Poet in the
Stone Den" with just the
syllable "shi"
repeated in
various intonations.在中文里,有一篇名为《石室诗士食狮史》(后改名为《施氏食狮史》)的诗,全篇内容仅由一个音节“shi”重复各种声调构成。
▌日语
日语的书写系统和其他语言相比较为复杂。汉字和平假名、片假名是主要使用的文字,称为汉字假名混写文,大多数时候都同时使用这三种文字来表记。因此,日语的一大挑战体现在书写上。
A
country that's
enriched the
world with
sushi,
karaoke and
manga,
Japan has many devotees,
especially among gamers and geeks.作为一个用寿司、卡拉OK和漫画来丰富这个世界的国家,日本拥有许多“粉丝”,尤其是游戏玩家和电脑迷们。
But they are
confronted with an
extremely challenging language that uses
imported Chinese
characters cut off from
their original meaning as well as two syllabaries —
Hiragana and
Katakana (you must
learn when to use
which).而这些人面对的是一种极具挑战性的语言。这种语言不仅使用了剥离原本含义的汉字,还使用了平假名和片假名这两种音节文字(你需要学习在何时用何种假名)。
此外,男女用语的区别使用也常让初学者们困惑不已。
What
Japanese you
speak also
depends on your
gender. There's a "
rough" language for men and a more "
ladylike" language for
women, but you must
understand both.日语怎么说还与你的性别有关。这里分别有一种“粗野”的男性用语和“优雅端庄”的女性用语。但这两种用语你都要理解。
▌阿拉伯语
阿拉伯语是除了英语和法语之外最多国家使用的官方语言。它是一种从右至左书写和阅读的语言,依照各国、各地的不同,存在各种方言。
The
direction of
reading and the
cursive script are the two
major hurdles for Arab
learners.对阿拉伯语学习者来说,阅读方向和潦草的书写是两大主要的障碍。
Classical Arabic — the language of the Quran — will make you
understood everywhere, but
colloquial Arabic may be more
useful,
because once the
locals start conversing with each
other, you'll lose the plot.虽然不管在哪里,别人都能理解你所使用的古兰经上的标准阿拉伯语(或书面阿拉伯语),但更为实用的可能是阿拉伯口语。因为一旦当地人开始与彼此交谈,你可能就陷入迷茫了。
▌俄语
俄语是联合国六种官方语言之一,属于印欧语系中的斯拉夫语族。如果你对俄国文学感兴趣,喜欢普希金和列夫·托尔斯泰,那学习俄语是一个不错的选择。
Hidden behind a
Cyrillic veil of
mystery, it's one of the
harder languages to
master, so much so that even many Russians speak it
incorrectly.作为一门隐藏在斯拉夫字母神秘面纱背后的语言,俄语是较难掌握的语言之一。甚至有许多俄罗斯人都会说错。
Any
literature,
music and
ballet buff or
aspiring astronaut —
Russian is a
mandatory subject at NASA —
should study a language with over 500,000
words (some up to 38 characters long).任何文学迷、音乐迷、芭蕾舞迷和带有雄心壮志的宇航员都应该学习这种拥有超过50万个单词的语言(有些单词的长度多达38个字符)。俄语还是美国国家航空航天局的一门必修科目。
▌德语
作为一门和英语同属于日耳曼语系的语言,德语的学习时间为750小时(约合30周)。虽然英语中有一些从德语中借来的词,但德语的词法和句法等却比英语复杂得多。
With
nouns that are
masculine,
feminine and
neutral,
verbs that
conjugate heavily and an extremely
strict syntax,
German may
appear insurmountable to start with.德语中的名词的阳、阴、中性,动词复杂的词形变化,以及极其严苛的语法句法可能成为很多初学者望而却步的理由。
On the other hand, pronunciation and
spelling is
straightforward and once you learn the —
admittedly many —
rules, that's it.但从另一方面来说,德语的发音和拼写都很直接。一旦你学会了规则(规则其实不少),你就学会了。
▌拉丁语系
同属拉丁语系的意大利语、法语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语只需要学习者投入大约600个小时就能在口语和阅读上达到一般专业熟练(
general professional proficiency)程度。
对以英语为母语的学习者来说,在这些拉丁语系当中,西班牙语和意大利语学起来最简单,紧接着是葡萄牙语,比较难的是法语。
They
share many words with English, but it's that
common vocabulary that
creates "
false friends" — words in
different languages that look or
sound similar, but
differ significantly as
meanings have
drifted with time. 这些语言和英语共用许多词汇,但有时同样的词汇可能也会带来“同形异义词”。不同语言中的词汇可能看起来或听起来相似,但其意思已随着时间的推移发生了巨大的转变。
false friends:在语言学中,假如甲语言的某词与乙语言的某词书写形式相同或非常相似,但涵义不一样,足以导致误解,这对词就属于同形异义词。源自法语faux-ami,意为“假朋友”。
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